Infectious diseases, caused by living organisms and capable of being transmitted from person to person, have posed a persistent threat throughout human history. These diseases continue to undergo evolution and present challenges to societies in various manifestations. The field of infectious disease epidemiology emerged within human society to address the spread of such diseases. It employs methodologies including surveillance, tracking, statistical analysis, and experimentation to investigate and manage epidemic outbreaks. A prominent contemporary illustration of this is the COVID-19 pandemic, which many have identified as the most significant global challenge since the establishment of the United Nations. COVID-19 is notable for its rapid transmission through human-to-human contact, with varying rates influenced by factors like population density and healthcare system efficacy. Statistical and mathematical models have played a pivotal function in guiding strategies to combat the virus. These models typically incorporate formulas that account for amount of relations per unit time, the transmission probability per contact, and duration of infection. In Ethiopia, such models were utilized to direct governmental initiatives aimed at mitigating the risk of secondary transmission, particularly in the southwestern region of the country.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how well chemical pesticides work against canola aphids during the winter of 2019 at The University of Agriculture Peshawar. The treatments that were included are Indoxacarb @ 0.5 ml/lit, Cypermethrin @ 3ml/lit, lambda-cyhalothrin @ 1.5-2 ml/lit, Bifenthrin @ 2.5 ml/lit, and a control (tap water) were applied four times monthly at 7-day intervals. Aphid population data were recorded, with the highest infestation (3.1 Aphids leaf -1) observed during the 2nd week of November. Results indicated that the lowest mean infestation was caused by lambda- cyhalothrin (3.74±0.36), which was followed by bifenthrin (3.95±0.32), then indoxacarb (4.35±0.28), and then the cypermethrin (4.55±0.28). Additionally, lambda-cyhalothrin-treated plots had the highest yield of (16.00±0.49 ha-1), whereas the control group produced the lowest yield of (7.17±0.43 ha-1). Hundred percent was the highest mortality rate attained by lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin after 72 hours of testing. These results suggest that further research be done on the possible adverse effects of synthetic pesticides in order to have a better understanding of how they affect the environment.

This study explores the protective and hypoglycemic effects of Erythrina indica (EEMC) on lipid profiles of serum in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rats suffering from diabetes. Numerous plants have traditionally been used to treat diabetes, with compounds like polysaccharides, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and steroids known to exert antidiabetic effects. EEMC contains these bioactive compounds, which likely contribute to its observed hypoglycemic activity. Streptozotocin administration in rats induces rapid destruction of pancreatic β-cells, impairing glucose-stimulated insulin release and causing insulin resistance, hallmark features of type II diabetes. While oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin are used to manage diabetes, there is emerging interest in herbal remedies due to the ill effects of conventional drugs. The study shows that EEMC significantly decreases level of glucose in blood (P < 0.05) in rats suffering from diabetes compared to controls. The potential mechanisms for its hypoglycemic effect include potentiation of pancreatic insulin secretion, enhanced glucose transport to peripheral tissues, and possibly other actions like inhibiting glucose production or stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver and muscles. Diabetes often leads to hyperlipidemia due to decreased insulin levels and impaired lipoprotein lipase activity. The observed improvement in plasma lipid levels in EEMC-treated rats suggests its potential role in improving insulin secretion. These findings confirm that antidiabetic action of ethanolic extract of Erythrina indica bark, warranting further research to isolate and characterize the specific hypoglycemic compounds and understand their mechanisms of action.

This study investigates the phytochemical properties, safety, and anti-diabetic potential of Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract (TCLE). Phytochemical screening indicated occurrence of glycosides, terpenoids, tannins, carbohydrates, along with high levels of volatile oils, which are associated with the plant's anti-diabetic effects. According to the OECD criteria, the aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia was deemed safe after an acute toxicity investigation revealed no toxicity or fatality at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Based on these findings, doses of 100 mg per kg (low dose) or 400 mg per kg (high dose) were used for anti-diabetic evaluations in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus, characterized by impaired glucose metabolism due to beta-cell destruction in the pancreas, was induced by STZ. The study assessed the effect of TCLE on lipid profiles, antioxidant systems, and its antihyperglycemic action. Treatment with TCLE significantly reduced blood glucose levels and body weight loss compared to diabetic control rats, indicating its potential to counteract hyperglycemia and its anabolic effects. Glibenclamide, a standard anti-diabetic drug, showed rapid blood glucose normalization, and Extract exhibited a similar effect, highlighting its anti-diabetic efficacy. Additionally, TCLE therapy improved lipid profiles, raising HDL levels and decreasing LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol, indicating a protective effect against diabetic dyslipidemia. These results confirm that Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract possesses significant anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering activities, making it a promising candidate for managing diabetes mellitus and associated complications.

With a view to examine the effect of dichlorvos on hepatopancreas, we conducted a pilot experiment on a fish named Cyprinus carpio taking two concentrations of dichlorvos, viz. 2.5 ppm and 4.5 ppm for two different periods, ten and twenty days, respectively. Histochemical analysis carried out using periodic acid schiff’s reaction and mercury bromophenol blue after Animal Tissue Techniques by Gretchen L. Humason, showed decrement in general carbohydrate content and increment in protein content in response to the pesticide treatment. Decrease in carbohydrate content might be attributed primarily to metabolic stress while increment in protein content might show recuperation against the pesticide.

The rapid expansion of digital banking has transformed the financial sector by enabling faster, more accessible, and scalable services. Technologies such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence (AI) have significantly improved international financial inclusion, connecting urban and rural populations to banking systems. However, this digital transformation has simultaneously increased vulnerability to cyber threats. With the rise in online transactions, traditional fraud detection systems are increasingly ineffective against sophisticated cybercrimes, including data breaches, identity theft, AI-generated deepfake identities, phishing attacks, and malware. Cloud-based financial systems, though efficient, introduce new potential points of attack. This paper highlights the growing challenges of cyber fraud in the digital banking era and underscores the urgent need for advanced, AI-driven fraud detection mechanisms to safeguard modern financial ecosystems.

Nanotechnology has revolutionized the pharmaceutical and medical industries with its transformative potential, paving the way to early diagnosis and drug delivery. Quantum dots (QDs), also known as nanoscale semiconductor crystals, are nanoparticles with unique optical and electronic properties such as bright and intensive fluorescence. Nanocarriers materials containing QDs should contain the following characteristics: no drug interactions, more drug-loading capacity, low biocompatibility and toxicity. There is an increasing interest in the development of nano-theranostics platforms for simultaneous sensing, imaging and therapy. QDs have great potential for such applications, with notable results already published in the fields of sensors, drug delivery and biomedical imaging. This review focuses on the recent advances of quantum dots (QDs) and their applications in drug delivery, as well as the integration of GQDs in cancer treatment.

Objective: In this study, a simple, low cost, sensitive, highly accurate and precise ultraviolet spectrophotometric method has been developed and validated for estimation of Atenolol (ATN) in tablets pharmaceutical dosage form, ATN show maximum absorbance at 274 nm in mixture of methanol water 1:9 v/v, the methods was linear in the range 0.06-0.2 mg/ml. Methods: The method obtained with low cost term by using distilled water (DW) as major solvent 99% ATN absorbance showed linearity in the concentration range of 0.06- 0.2 mg/ml with correlation coefficient 0.999, intercept equal to 0.0015, detection limit was found (0.00375mg/ml), quantification limit was (0.03 mg/ml), which proves suitability of proposed method for determination of ATL in pharmaceutical tablets dosage form according to the statistical analysis of the results due to high accuracy and precession. Results: The relative standard deviations value for accuracy and precisions were less than 0.095 with repeatability value between 103.38-100.89. Conclusions: The developed method is simple, low cost, sensitive, highly accurate and precise and easily can be used for estimation of Atenolol in pharmaceutical dosage form.