The conventional drug discovery and development process has been associated with high expenditure, long durations and low success rate, and therefore new methods are needed. Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are proving to be revolutionary measures offering a great improvement of efficiency, accuracy and innovation as a part of the pharmaceutical pipeline. This review is an investigation of the remarkable alteration of AI/ML, starting with the recognition and confirmation of the targets, and proceeding with complex molecular docking, de novo drug design, correct ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, Toxicity) prediction. Such AI-based approaches have shown phenomenal trends, such as 80-90% success rates in Phase I clinical trials and up to 70% cost reduction in development timelines reduced to less than 10 years and possibly 3-6 years. In addition, both similar and different methods in clinical trial optimization using AI have a history of high-quality patient recruitment, predictive modeling, adaptive designs, and the availability of digital twins that open precision medicine. Nonetheless, there are major challenges even despite these opportunities. These involve important data related barriers with regard quality, quantity, diversity, privacy and security. Many AI models are considered as the black box, which results in difficulties with interpretability and explainability, which in turn prevents regulatory acceptance and trust. They are also heavily burdened by large computational demands, smooth combination with experimental methods, and regulatory, ethical and intellectual property issues, which are developing. Future trends are more complex algorithms such as Generative AI and Quantum Computing, new data sharing methods such as federated learning, as well as better integration into more advanced experimental platforms such as Organ-on-a-Chip technologies. Future AI use implies that we would achieve the full potential of AI in designing safer, more effective, and accessible medicines in case of the stable innovation, thorough validation, transparent governance, and effective collaboration across disciplines.

The current study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a novel herbal skin lotion incorporating avocado oil and cinnamon bark extract, aimed at providing antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium species, a primary causative agent of acne. Avocado oil was extracted via wet milling and centrifugation, while cinnamon bark extract was obtained through the decoction method. The lotion was formulated using standard emulsification techniques, combining oil and aqueous phases with appropriate stabilizers and preservatives. Evaluation of the final formulation revealed desirable physicochemical properties including a pH of 8.1, good spreadability (7.7 cm), smooth consistency, easy washability, and no signs of skin irritation. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the compatibility of all components, with no observed chemical interactions. The antimicrobial efficacy was assessed using the agar well diffusion method. The herbal lotion demonstrated a moderate zone of inhibition (12 mm) against Propionibacterium spp., as compared to ciprofloxacin (29 mm), indicating its potential as a supplementary topical antibacterial agent. The study concludes that the formulation is a promising, skin-friendly, plant-based alternative with mild antibacterial properties suitable for cosmetic and dermatological use.

This study investigates the prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection associated with wound patients from selected hospitals in Esan-Central, Edo State. A total of 152 wound swabs specimens were collected and analyzed. The study population comprised 88 males and 64 females. Bacterial isolates were identified using Gram staining and biochemical tests, including catalase and coagulase; antibiotic susceptibility tests was done using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. 38 (25%) Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified, out of which 31 (81.58%) were methicillin resistant and 7 (18.42%) were methicillin sensitive. In this study, the overall prevalence of MRSA in wound infection was 20.39%. The prevalence of MRSA in wound infection varied insignificantly (p>0.05) with age, with the highest respondents of ≥ 70 years old 1 (100%), followed by patients within the age range of 40-49years old 7 (25.0%), while those within age groups 30-39, ≤19, 60-69, 20-29 and 50-59 old had prevalence 9 (22.50%), 4 (22.22%), 2 (20.0%), 6 (15.38%), 2 (12.50) respectively MRSA infection amongst male was higher 21 (23.86%) than females 10 (15.63%) although not statistically significant (p>0.05). There was also no significant variation of MRSA infection based on occupation, although farmers had the highest prevalence, 9(32.14%) followed by teachers 6(28.57%). The results suggest the importance and role of diagnostic clinical microbiology in determining appropriate antimicrobial therapy thus limiting the emergence and cross transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and in turn decreased morbidity and mortality.

Thespesia populnea, commonly known as Hibiscus populnea, belongs to the Malvaceae family. It is an evergreen tree with alternate, simple leaves and petioles 5–10 cm in length. This large tree is native to tropical regions and coastal forests of India and is also cultivated in gardens. Currently, it has become naturalized in tropical climates worldwide, from the Caribbean to Africa. Thespesia populnea is particularly valuable as a coastal windbreak due to its resistance to wind and salt spray, thriving in sandy, saline soils. Among its various phytoconstituents, sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds are the primary bioactive compounds. Experimental studies have shown that these compounds exhibit significant biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, analgesic, wound-healing, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-ulcer, and anti-psoriasis effects. This review article covers the taxonomy, synonyms, vernacular names, distribution, ethnomedical uses, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of Thespesia populnea.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics grabbed the world's attention during the COVID-19 pandemic vaccine development, but the potentials of mRNA vaccines go much beyond infectious diseases and into oncology. The review thus showcases how mRNA technology can revolutionize the field of cancer medicine as well. Applications include therapeutic cancer vaccines, mRNA encoding for immune-modulatory agents such as cytokines and monoclonal antibodies, and the modification of immune cells, such as CAR-T cells. Since mRNA can mount targeted and very powerful immune responses and also has a form of adaptability for personalized medicine, it truly presents mRNA as a suitable tool against a vast range of malignancies. The review further explores new delivery technologies, clinical evaluations, real-world applications, and the current hurdles of stability, delivery, and tumor heterogeneity. With more and more therapeutic mRNA advancing rapidly, oncology is witnessing the coming of a new wave that centers around precision, efficacy, and least system toxicity. Explore further and emphasizes the need for continued investigation and collaboration to harness the mRNA therapeutic potential in cancer therapeutics fully.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a global health issue. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of liver dysfunction among HIV-positive patients attending ESUT Teaching Hospital. This research involved a mixed cross-sectional study design which was used to assess 150 HIV-positive patients. Samples were collected and analyzed for liver enzyme levels using standard methods. Three key liver enzymes were measured: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Statistical methods were employed to determine the prevalence of liver dysfunction, and to explore the relationships between the stage of HIV infection, the types of antiretroviral therapy (ART) the patients were receiving, and any changes in liver enzyme levels. Results revealed that 37 (24.7%) exhibited liver dysfunction, primarily characterized by aspartate aminotransferase (AST) abnormalities, present in 32 patients. Also, males had a higher prevalence of liver dysfunction (30.8%) compared to females (20.0%), with patients over 60 years having the highest prevalence (28.6%). There’s a significant association between liver dysfunction and factors such as age, gender, as well as clinical symptoms such as fatigue (33.3%) and jaundice (35.0%). Alcohol and recreational drug use were significant risk factors with prevalence rates of 37.5% and 40.0%, respectively. These findings emphasize the necessity for routine liver function monitoring in HIV-positive individuals, particularly among older males and those exhibiting clinical symptoms, to facilitate early detection and management of liver complications, ultimately improving health outcomes and quality of life.

Kapha(Water element Bio Humor) is dominant and vitiated in Vasant Ritu (Spring Season) as it is described in Ayurveda. Acharya Chakrapani has said in chapter six, that not only Vaman (Therapeutic emesis), but all the five biopurification methods of the Panchakarma should be practiced in Vasant Ritu (Spring Season). Out of the Three Pravit Ritu (Junction of Grishma & Varsha Ritu), Sharad Ritu (Autumn season), Vasant Ritu (Spring season). But the Vasant is the best Ritu (Seasons) in a year for purification, Vasant Ritu (Spring Season) is better one. This pilot research study was carried out to see the effect of this biopurification process on different disorders. The results were marvelous, as symptomatically 58% relief was achieved.

The present study centered on the evaluation of the biological activity and the identification of the chemical family present in the plant known by the vernacular name "Ramy” or “Emboka," the Malagasy name, and scientifically called Canarium madagascariensis (Burseraceae). This plant is endemic to the southeastern region of Madagascar and is well known in this region for its therapeutic properties in traditional medicine. This study constitutes a component of the research program of the Doctoral School in Geosciences, Physics, Environmental Chemistry, and Host-Pathogen Systems (GPCEHP) at the University of Toliara. The primary objective of this study is to verify the ethnobotanical data of the plant in question based on traditional uses, using available scientific methods based on biological tests, and to detect the chemical families of the compounds present in this plant. The present study aims to establish a foundation for future research endeavors that will focus on the identification, isolation, and determination of the chemical structures of the active ingredients responsible for these biological effects. The results of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various chemical families of secondary metabolites, including tannins, polyphenols, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids. In vitro biological tests carried out on extracts from this plant revealed that it has antioxidant effects and antibacterial properties. The presence of phenolic compounds and terpenoids in this plant is indicative of its biological activity, as these two chemical families are well-documented to exhibit such properties. A comprehensive review of the extant phytochemical and biological screening studies of extracts from Canarium madagascariensis (Burseraceae) reveals the scientific validation of the traditional uses of this plant.