Objective: This study aims to identify the risk factors for post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH). Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 776 patients (624 children, 152 adults; 425 males, 351 females) who underwent tonsillectomy at the Düzce University Faculty of Medicine ENT Clinic between 2013 and 2018. Patients were evaluated based on age, gender, indication for surgery, tonsil size, presence of chronic diseases, and preoperative hemoglobin, platelet, and INR levels. Tonsillectomies were performed under general anesthesia using the cold dissection technique, with hemostasis achieved via bipolar cautery and suture ligation. PTH was managed with conservative or surgical methods. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson Chi-square, Fisher-Freeman-Halton, and Fisher Exact tests (p

In this study, Classes IIA and IIB predominated in the impaction pattern of the mandibular third molar. Additionally, the presence of a dark line at the root apex on the panoramic radiograph indicated that the root of the mandibular third molar was frequently situated in the lingual cortical bone. It was observed that the concurrent narrowing of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and the lingual driving pathway of the IAN in CBCT indicated a heightened risk of IAN injury. These two things happen at the same time, and doctors should tell the patient about the risk of IAN injury and the need to be more careful when pulling teeth.

Heterocycles represent one of the most important classes of chemical scaffolds in modern drug discovery. Their widespread presence in natural products and synthetic drugs underscores their versatility and biological significance. More than half of all approved small-molecule drugs feature at least one heterocyclic ring, reflecting their ability to fine-tune pharmacological and physicochemical properties. In this review, we highlight the contribution of different classes of heterocycles—including five- and six-membered rings, non-aromatic systems, and fused heterocycles—to medicinal chemistry. Their applications across therapeutic areas such as oncology, infectious diseases, central nervous system (CNS) disorders, and antiviral therapy are discussed. Finally, we outline recent advances in rational drug design, computational methods, and emerging trends such as targeted therapy, nanotechnology, and personalized medicine, emphasizing the continued importance of heterocycles in shaping the future of therapeutics.