Drug repurposing has emerged as a strategic approach to accelerate therapy development by identifying novel uses for existing drugs, offering reduced development time, lower costs, and established safety profiles. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of pharmacological approaches to drug repurposing, focusing on mechanisms, strategic paradigms, and clinical applications. A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using keywords such as “drug repurposing,” “mechanism-based repurposing,” and “phenotype-driven repurposing,” considering articles published in English from 2015 to 2026. Studies reporting mechanistic insights, computational strategies, preclinical and clinical evidence, and regulatory considerations were included, while non-peer-reviewed or insufficiently detailed studies were excluded. Data were extracted on drug names, original and repurposed indications, mechanisms, strategies employed, and clinical outcomes. The review identified multiple successful repurposing examples, including sildenafil, thalidomide, metformin, and remdesivir, highlighting the role of both phenotype-driven and mechanism-based approaches. Computational methods, such as in silico predictions, network pharmacology, and machine learning, were found to significantly enhance identification of novel indications. Despite regulatory, intellectual property, and safety challenges, repurposed drugs demonstrated meaningful clinical impact across oncology, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. These findings underscore drug repurposing as an evidence-driven, translational strategy that expands therapeutic options, informs clinical practice, and guides future pharmacological research.

Pharmacogenomics, the study of how genetic variation affects drug response, is a key component of personalized medicine, offering the potential to optimize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. This review was conducted through a structured literature search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, using keywords such as “pharmacogenomics,” “personalized medicine,” “gene-drug interaction,” and “precision therapy,” considering articles published in English from 2015 to 2026. Studies reporting mechanistic insights, clinical applications, and computational strategies for pharmacogenomic-guided therapy were included, while non-peer-reviewed or insufficiently detailed studies were excluded. Data were extracted on genetic variants, drug responses, therapeutic areas, and clinical outcomes, and were synthesized to evaluate current trends, challenges, and opportunities. The review identified multiple clinically relevant pharmacogenomic associations, including CYP2C19-guided clopidogrel therapy, TPMT-guided thiopurine dosing, and HER2-targeted therapies in oncology, demonstrating improved drug efficacy, reduced adverse events, and optimized dosing strategies. Emerging tools such as multi-gene panels, next-generation sequencing, and computational predictive models further enhance the ability to translate genetic insights into clinical practice. Despite challenges including limited evidence for certain gene-drug pairs, variability in guidelines, and ethical considerations, pharmacogenomics has shown substantial impact on patient care. In conclusion, pharmacogenomics provides an evidence-driven framework for individualized therapy, enabling safer and more effective treatment decisions, and is poised to play a transformative role in the advancement of personalized medicine.

Informal work environments constitute a significant portion of global employment, particularly in developing countries such as South Africa. Despite their economic importance, these settings are often characterized by poor ergonomic conditions, which may negatively influence workers’ physical health, psychological stress, and overall well-being. This article examines the relationship between ergonomics in informal work environments and worker stress and well-being. Drawing on existing literature, the paper highlights how inadequate workstation design, prolonged physical strain, and lack of occupational health regulations contribute to musculoskeletal disorders and elevated stress levels. The study further explores psychosocial dimensions, including job insecurity and environmental stressors, and their interaction with physical ergonomics. Recommendations are provided for policy development and practical ergonomic interventions tailored to informal settings.

Objective: This research was intended to demonstrate the long-term results of the surgical treatment of patients with operable esophageal scuamouse cell cancer by comparing the group treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy with the group treated with surgery alone. Patients and Method: 37 patients, who were documented in archives of the Republic scientific center of oncology and radiology of Uzbekistan from 2021 to 2024 years, treated with neoadjuvant chamotherapy following curative intend esophagectomy (nCS) were included to our study. For control group, patients with comparable gender and age parameters, the degree of concomitant diseases and the volume of surgery who underwent only surgical procedure (S) during the specified period were randomized. Results: Median OS was 31 months in nCS group versus 24 months in S group. 3-year survival rates were 41.65% and 29.9% respectively. Common chemotherapy complications were hematotoxicity (leukopenia) 81.1% and nausea/vomiting 67.5%. Postoperative complications were recorded in 15/37 (40.54%) patients in the nCS group and in 11/35 (31.42%) patients in the S group. One patient (8.1%) in the nCS group died within 30 days of surgery. Frequency of non-fatal therapeutic postoperative complications was almost the same in both groups. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that preoperative chemotherapy does not affect a significant increase in the incidence of surgical and therapeutic complications in patients with resectable cancer of the thoracic esophagus, while it has been proven to prolong the overall survival. However, individualization of the combined treatment regimen in this group of patients is necessary.

Background/aim: This study aimed to evaluate plasma atherogenic index (PAI) values in patients with vitamin D deficiency and to investigate the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and PAI. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was approved by the Non-Interventional Scientific Research Ethics Committee of Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University (07.03.2025, No: 2025/4). A total of 352 consecutive patients with available lipid profile and 25(OH)D measurements in 2024-2025 were included. PAI was calculated as log₁₀(TG/HDL-C). Vitamin D deficiency was defined as

Cosmetics constitute an integral component of dermatological care, serving both aesthetic and protective functions. Among these, sunscreens play a critical role in safeguarding the skin against the deleterious effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, including erythema, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis. Recent advancements in formulation science have led to the development of gel-based sunscreen systems, which offer distinct advantages such as non-greasy texture, improved spreadability, enhanced patient compliance, and suitability for diverse skin types. This review systematically discusses the classification and purpose of cosmetics, along with emerging trends in cosmetic science. It further elaborates on the fundamental aspects of sunscreens, including their definition, mechanism of action, and the impact of UV radiation. Special emphasis is placed on gel-based sunscreen formulations, encompassing their definition, formulation methodologies, and relevant regulatory standards, including International Organization for Standardization (ISO) guidelines and their applicability in India. Additionally, the review highlights critical quality attributes such as photostability, along with comprehensive evaluation techniques, including both in vitro and in vivo methods. The merits and limitations, packaging considerations, and practical applications of gel-based sunscreens are also examined. Overall, this article provides an in-depth and structured overview of gel-based sunscreen formulations, underscoring their growing significance in contemporary pharmaceutical and cosmetic research.

The science of Garbha Sharir (embryology) in Ayurveda presents a unique and holistic view of human development. Among its foundational concepts is Shadbhava Samanvaya — the coordinated interaction of six essential factors that contribute to the formation, growth, and health of the fetus. These six factors are: Matrija Bhava (maternal contribution), Pitraja Bhava (paternal contribution), Atmaja Bhava (soul or consciousness), Satmyaja Bhava (suitability or adaptability to environment), Rasaja Bhava (nutritional essence from maternal nourishment), and Sattvaja Bhava (psychological and mental attributes). This concept highlights that embryogenesis is not merely a biological process but a confluence of physical, psychological, nutritional, and spiritual dimensions. Each factor plays a distinct and indispensable role: while Matrija and Pitraja Bhava contribute the genetic and structural elements, Atmaja Bhava signifies the presence of consciousness (Chetana), essential for life. Rasaja ensures the sustenance of the foetus through maternal nutrition, Satmyaja relates to the adaptability of the foetus to its internal and external environment, and Sattvaja shapes the mental faculties and emotional framework of the individual. This paper aims to explore these six components in detail, examining their individual significance, mutual interdependence, and relevance in modern prenatal understanding. By integrating classical Ayurvedic knowledge with contemporary insights from embryology and reproductive health, the study proposes a more comprehensive and holistic approach to prenatal care. The Shadbhava Samanvaya model offers valuable perspectives for enhancing maternal health, foetal development, and the future well-being of the child.