Antimicrobial polymers present a promising alternative to antibiotic therapies, particularly as traditional methods become increasingly ineffective due to antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic persistence. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of both natural and synthetic antimicrobial polymers, detailing their formulation in pharmaceutical applications and preparation techniques. It critically assesses the advantages and limitations of these polymers, focusing on their clinical relevance, safety profiles, and the potential to combat antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, the review identifies key challenges and future directions for the clinical implementation of antimicrobial polymer-based systems, emphasizing the importance of safety, scalability, and effectiveness in addressing public health concerns related to antimicrobial resistance.

Maropitant citrate and Metacresol are widely used in veterinary and pharmaceutical formulations. Reliable analytical methods are essential for simultaneous estimation across diverse dosage forms to ensure quality, safety, and efficacy. To develop and validate a novel, simple, and robust isocratic RP HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of Maropitant citrate and Metacresol in injectable, gel, syrup, and tablet formulations. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Baker Bond C8 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) at 40 °C with an isocratic mobile phase of monobasic phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (70:30 %v/v), at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Detection was performed at 220 nm using a UV/PDA detector. Metacresol eluted at ~3.8 minutes and Maropitant at ~6 minutes, with no interference at analyte retention times. The calibration curve showed excellent linearity (r² = 0.999) across 50–150% concentration range. Recovery values (97–103%) confirmed accuracy. Precision, intermediate precision, and robustness studies demonstrated reproducibility, with system suitability parameters unaffected by minor variations. The developed RP HPLC method is novel, accurate, precise, and robust. It is suitable for routine quality control and regulatory analysis of Maropitant citrate and Metacresol in multiple pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Peptic ulcer disease is a common gastrointestinal disorder resulting from an imbalance between aggressive factors such as gastric acid and protective mechanisms of the gastric mucosa. Although conventional anti-ulcer drugs are effective, their long-term use may be associated with adverse effects. Therefore, medicinal plants are being extensively investigated as safer alternatives. Hibiscus mutabilis Linn. is a medicinal plant traditionally used for various therapeutic purposes owing to its rich phytochemical composition; however, its anti-ulcer potential has been inadequately explored, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro anti-ulcer activity of the root extract of Hibiscus mutabilis Linn. by determining its Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) and comparing its activity with the standard antacid, sodium bicarbonate. The Acid Neutralizing Capacity assay was performed by reacting different concentrations (0.1–0.5 g) of the plant extract with a fixed volume of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (HCl). After allowing sufficient time for neutralization, the excess acid was back-titrated using 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with phenolphthalein as the indicator. Sodium bicarbonate was used as the standard. The amount of acid neutralized by the extract was calculated and expressed as Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC).

Background: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in adult males are conventionally attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia or bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), whereas ureteric calculi classically present with renal colic. Distal and vesicoureteric junction (VUJ) calculi can, however, present predominantly with irritative and obstructive voiding symptoms rather than typical colic, creating a recognised diagnostic pitfall. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-centre case series of 15 male patients (age range 18–40 years) who presented with LUTS and obstructive uroflowmetry and were subsequently found to have a VUJ calculus (4.4–6.5 mm) on renal tract ultrasonography. All patients were evaluated with history, digital rectal examination, urinalysis, urine culture, renal function tests, uroflowmetry and ultrasonography of the kidneys, ureters and bladder. All were managed conservatively with medical expulsive therapy (MET) tamsulosin 0.4 mg once daily, oral diclofenac, and oral hydration of 2–3 L/day and followed up with repeat uroflowmetry and ultrasonography. Results: The mean patient age was approximately 29 years and mean stone size was approximately 5.5 mm (range 4.4–6.5 mm); nine calculi were left-sided and six right-sided. All 15 patients demonstrated spontaneous stone passage confirmed on repeat ultrasonography, complete resolution of voiding symptoms and flank discomfort, and normalisation of uroflowmetric parameters (restoration of a bell-shaped curve) at follow-up, with no complications. The overall success rate of MET in this cohort was 100%. Conclusion: VUJ calculi should be actively excluded by renal tract ultrasonography in young men presenting with LUTS and obstructive uroflowmetry, particularly when prostate volume is disproportionately small relative to the degree of urodynamic impairment. Medical expulsive therapy is a safe and effective first-line strategy for small VUJ calculi presenting in this manner.

Background: Heart failure (HF) complicated by recurrent pulmonary edema remains a leading cause of emergency hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality worldwide. While ACE inhibitors (ACEi) have been the cornerstone of neurohormonal therapy for decades, the angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) sacubitril/valsartan has demonstrated superior outcomes in landmark trials. However, a direct comparative analysis focused specifically on recurrent pulmonary edema prevention remains underexplored. Objective: This narrative review compares the efficacy, safety, and mechanistic basis of sacubitril/valsartan versus traditional ACE inhibitors in preventing recurrent pulmonary edema among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Methods: A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar using Boolean search strings. Studies published from 2000 to 2026, with primary emphasis on 2015–2026, were included. Major randomized controlled trials (PARADIGM-HF, PIONEER-HF, PARAGON-HF, TRANSITION, SOLVD, CONSENSUS), meta-analyses, and current guideline documents (2022 ACC/AHA/HFSA, 2021 ESC Heart Failure Guidelines) were synthesized. Key Findings: Sacubitril/valsartan reduced the composite of cardiovascular death and HF hospitalization by 20% (HR 0.80) compared with enalapril in PARADIGM-HF, with a 29% greater reduction in NT-proBNP during acute decompensation in PIONEER-HF. These biomarker and hospitalization benefits translate directly to reduced recurrent pulmonary edema episodes. ACE inhibitors remain effective, guideline-endorsed, and cost-efficient alternatives when ARNI is not tolerated or accessible. Safety profiles are broadly comparable, though sacubitril/valsartan offers a significant advantage in cough reduction and is now preferred by international guidelines for eligible patients. Conclusion: Sacubitril/valsartan represents the preferred pharmacological strategy for recurrent pulmonary edema prevention in HFrEF, surpassing ACE inhibitors across multiple efficacy endpoints. ACE inhibitors retain an important role in practice, particularly in resource-limited settings or ARNI-intolerant patients. Future research should specifically address HFpEF and acute decompensation contexts.

Introduction: In contemporary medical education, heavy reliance on digital platforms for quick information often restricts deep critical thinking and can lead to conceptual misunderstandings. Traditional Ayurvedic philosophy highlights that profound textual mastery (Shastra Jnana) is best achieved through structured pedagogical frameworks. In the Vimanasthana of Charaka Samhita, Acharya Charaka introduces Trividha Jnanopaya - a threefold method for acquiring advanced knowledge comprising Adhyayana (structured studying), Adhyapana (teaching), and Tadvidhyasambhasha[1] (scholarly debate and discussion).Objectives: Literary work on Jnanopaya in other classics, correlation with contemporary science and to evaluate and compare the impact of Trividha Jnanopaya on effective perception. Materials and Methods: This study utilizes a four-phase observational research design involving 124 eligible Phase 1and Phase 2 BAMS students selected through an IQ entrance screening test. Participants were randomly divided into three groups using the chit method. • Phase 1: Assessment of self-directed study across all groups via a baseline theory test. • Phase 2: Implementation of Adhyayana (guided study under a teacher) for all groups, followed by a theory test for Group A. • Phase 3: Implementation of Adhyapana (seminar presentation) for Groups B and C, followed by theory test for Group B. • Phase 4: Implementation of Tadvidhyasambhasha (scholarly debate) for Group C, followed by theory test for Group C. Discussion: The primary finding of this observational study demonstrates that the complete adaptation of all three Jnanopaya within the learning process yields accurate knowledge and helps students achieve true command over the subject matter. Conclusion: The study provided empirical, evidence-based data proving that the sequential application of Trividha Jnanopaya enhances effective perception, retention, and critical analysis skills among medical students compared to unguided or isolated study habits.

Background: Ksharakalpana is one of the most ancient and unique pharmaceutical dosage forms described in Ayurveda, representing alkaline preparations derived from the ashes of medicinal herbs, animal substances, and minerals. Among the numerous plant sources cited in classical texts, Kadali (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) holds a distinctive place due to its wide therapeutic spectrum. Kadalikanda Kshara, prepared from the corms (rhizomes/pseudostem base) of the banana plant, is referenced across classical Ayurvedic texts for its efficacy in urinary disorders, digestive ailments, and dermatological conditions. Objectives: To critically review the concept of Ksharakalpana — its definition, types, properties, method of preparation, and therapeutic indications — with special emphasis on Kadalikanda Kshara as described in classical Ayurvedic literature and supported by contemporary pharmacological investigations. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted by consulting authoritative classical Samhitas (Sushruta Samhita, Charaka Samhita, Ashtanga Hridayam, Sharangadhara Samhita, Rasa Tarangini), modern Ayurvedic pharmacopoeial standards, and contemporary peer-reviewed research publications available in PubMed, Google Scholar, and related databases up to 2025. Results: Ksharakalpana is broadly classified into Paneeya (internal/drinkable) and Pratisaraniya (external/applicable) types, with further sub-classifications based on potency and source material. Kadalikanda Kshara, derived from Musa paradisiaca, exhibits Ushna (hot), Tikshna (sharp), Katu (pungent), Lekhana (scraping), and Shothahara (anti-inflammatory) properties. It is indicated in Mutrashmari (urolithiasis), Udara roga, Arsha, Kushtha, and Shwasa. Physicochemical analysis reveals high alkalinity (pH 9–12), significant potassium and calcium content, and antifungal and antibacterial activity. Conclusion: Ksharakalpana remains a therapeutically potent and versatile Ayurvedic formulation. Kadalikanda Kshara warrants further standardised analytical and clinical research to validate its classical indications and to establish quality control parameters for contemporary pharmaceutical application.

Daivavyapashraya Chikitsa, or divine therapy, is one of the three main pillars of Ayurvedic treatment, as described in classical texts like the Charaka Samhita. This unique modality is based on the principle of treating ailments believed to be caused by supernatural, spiritual, or karmic factors that are beyond the scope of conventional biomedical and psychological treatments. The term literally translates to "depending on or taking refuge in the divine." This approach utilizes various rituals, prayers, and practices aimed at appeasing divine forces and correcting the effects of past deeds (karma). This paper critically reviews the components of Daivavyapashraya Chikitsa, including its methods, applications, and its relevance in a modern context, where the mind-body-spirit connection is gaining increasing recognition in holistic healthcare.

Introduction: Sutabhasma Yoga is a classical herbo-mineral formulation described in Rasendra Sara Sangraha for the management of Apasmara. The therapeutic efficacy, safety and quality of herbomineral formulations depend on proper pharmaceutical processing and analytical standardization. Scientific documentation of the pharmaceutical procedures and physicochemical characteristics is essential to establish quality control parameters and ensure reproducibility of classical Ayurvedic formulations. Materials and Methods: sutabhasma Yoga was prepared according to the classical procedures described in Rasendra Sara Sangraha. The pharmaceutical process included Parada Shodana, Gandhaka Shodana, Kajjali Nirmana, Navasadara Shodana, Bhavana with Nimbu swarasa, preparation of Rasasindura, Medya Kashaya Bhavana to obtain Sutabhasma Yoga. The finished formulation was subjected to organoleptic evaluation and physicochemical analysis including solubility, moisture content, total Ash value, pH and specific gravity using standard analytical procedures. Results: The final product was obtained as a reddish-brown, odourless, tasteless, smooth fine powder. Physicochemical evaluation showed that the formation was insoluble in distilled water, methanol, ethanol, xylene, chloroform, hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid. The moisture content was 3.45, Total Ash value 58.25, pH 8.0 and specific gravity 1.004, indicating satisfactory physicochemical characteristics. Discussion: The sequential pharmaceutical procedures ensured proper purification and processing of the ingredients, resulting in a stable herbomineral formulation. The low moisture content suggests adequate drying and better storage stability, while the high ash value reflects the presence of processed mineral constituents. The mildly alkaline ph and consistent organoleptic characteristics further support the quality and uniformity of the prepared formulation. These findings provide preliminary quality control standards for Sutabhasma Yoga. Conclusion: Sutabhasma Yoga was successfully prepared following the classical pharmaceutical procedures. The pharmaceutical observation and physicochemical evaluation established quality control parameters that may serve as reference standards for the standardization and scientific validation of this classical herbomineral formulation.

Introduction: Learning and memory are vital cognitive functions that depend on Dhi, Dhriti and Smriti as described in Ayurveda. Modern lifestyle stress and psychological disturbances adversely affect these functions, leading to cognitive impairment. Medhya Rasayana drugs are traditionally advocated for enhancing intellect and memory. Brahmi Vati, a classical Ayurvedic formulation is commonly prescribed for cognitive enhancement, yet experimental evidence supporting its efficacy is limited. The present study was designed to evaluate the learning and memory enhancing activity of Brahmi Vati in experimental study. Brahmi Vati is one among the Medhya dravya mentioned by Ayurveda Sara Sangraha in Gutika Vati Prkarana. Materials and Methods: Brahmi Vati, Piracetam, Carboxy Methyl Cellulose, drugs as Test drug, Standard drug, Control drug, And for Memory impairment Scopolamine Hydrobromide and 18 male Albino rats form the materials for the study. In Three groups, as Standard group- Piracetam (17.28mg / 200g body wt + 1mL CMC), in Test group- Brahmi Vati (13.5mg/ 200g body wt + 1mL CMC) and in Control group- Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (1mL/ 200g body wt) was administered for 6 days period. Analysis was done by using Morri’s water maze model and results of ITL (Initial Transverse latency), RTL (Retention Transverse latency) were used for Statistical analysis. Results: The result indicates the Brahmi Vati might play a significant role to enhance spatial learning and memorizing behaviour of rat which has shown improvement trend towards memory and learning. Discussion: The study indicates that use of Brahmi Vati had significant encouraging effect for cognitive enhancing by the Enhancement of Spatial learning and memory in scopolamine treated rat, possibly because of the combined action of ingredients of Medhya Rasayana which were well known for antioxidant and neuro-protective activity.

Background: Bhumyamalaki Phyllanthus niruri Linn.is an important medicinal plant widely used in Ayurveda for the management of various diseases. Establishing pharmacognostical and physicochemical standards is essential to ensure its authenticity, quality, and purity. Objective: The present study aimed to establish pharmacognostical, physicochemical, phytochemical, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint standards for Phyllanthus niruri Linn. Panchanga. Materials and Methods: Fresh Panchanga was collected, authenticated and subjected to organoleptic, macroscopic and microscopic evaluation. Physicochemical parameters including loss on drying, total ash, pH, specific gravity, and solubility profile were determined using standard procedures. An aqueous extract was prepared by Soxhlet extraction and subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening and HPLC fingerprint analysis. Results: The study established characteristic organoleptic, morphological, and anatomical features useful for authentication of the crude drug. Physicochemical evaluation showed a loss on drying of 10%, total ash of 16%, pH of 6.85, and specific gravity of 1.012. The extract was soluble in water and hydrochloric acid. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, and proteins. HPLC fingerprint analysis produced seven well-resolved peaks, with the major peak observed at a retention time of 10.20 min. Conclusion: The findings provide comprehensive reference standards for the authentication, quality assessment, and standardization of Phyllanthus niruri Linn. Panchanga, supporting its use as a quality-assured raw material in herbal and Ayurvedic formulations.

Introduction: Diseases are innumerable and cannot always be classified by nomenclature alone. Ayurveda explains such conditions through the concept of Anukta Vyadhi, interpreted using Trividha Bodhya Sangraha described by Acharya Charaka in Trishothiya Adhyaya (Charaka Samhita, Sutra Sthana 18). This diagnostic approach comprises Samutthana (etiology), Adhisthana (site of manifestation), and Vikara Prakriti (nature of disease), providing a rational framework for diagnosis and management. Materials and Methods: A critical review of Charaka Samhita, relevant commentaries, research articles, and contemporary literature was conducted to analyse Trividha Bodhya Sangraha. Modern diseases not described in the classics were interpreted as Anukta Vyadhi using this framework. Results: The review showed that Trividha Bodhya Sangraha systematically explains disease pathogenesis, localization, and nature irrespective of nomenclature. Contemporary disorders such as PCOS, HIV/AIDS, avascular necrosis, COVID-19, and Nipah infection can be interpreted through Samutthana, Adhisthana, and Vikara Prakriti, facilitating individualized Ayurvedic diagnosis and treatment. Discussion: Trividha Bodhya Sangraha provides a systematic approach to understanding Anukta Vyadhi by analyzing the cause, site, and nature of disease rather than its name. This enables interpretation of modern diseases within the Ayurvedic framework and supports individualized treatment based on Dosha, Dushya, Agni, and Srotas involvement. Conclusion: Trividha Bodhya Sangraha is a practical and adaptable diagnostic model for understanding and managing Anukta Vyadhi. By emphasizing the cause, site, and nature of disease, it enables Ayurveda to address both classical and emerging diseases while preserving its principles of individualized diagnosis and treatment.

High-concentration biologics are increasingly developed for subcutaneous administration because they enable smaller injection volumes and improve patient convenience. However, increasing protein concentration can substantially increase viscosity, protein-protein interactions, self-association, and aggregation. Lyophilization can improve the storage stability of protein therapeutics, but freezing, dehydration, residual moisture, glass-transition behaviour, reconstitution, and long-term storage may introduce additional degradation risks. Conventional stability development is largely dependent on experimental screening and accelerated studies, which can be time-consuming and may not adequately capture complex nonlinear interactions. This study proposes an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) framework for predicting aggregation and viscosity in high-concentration lyophilized biologics during long-term storage. The framework integrates protein molecular descriptors, formulation composition, lyophilization parameters, storage conditions, and analytical stability measurements. Random Forest and gradient-boosting models are proposed for prediction, while SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) are used to identify the variables responsible for individual predictions. Protein concentration, pH, ionic strength, stabilizer-to-protein ratio, residual moisture, glass-transition temperature, storage temperature, storage duration, and molecular interaction characteristics are considered key predictive variables. The framework separately models aggregation and viscosity while identifying shared molecular and formulation drivers. Existing evidence indicates that concentrated protein viscosity is strongly affected by intermolecular interactions, while lyophilized stability depends on formulation composition, freezing history, residual moisture, and storage conditions. The proposed XAI approach can convert complex multidimensional stability data into interpretable predictions and experimentally testable formulation hypotheses. It provides a transparent computational strategy for accelerating formulation development and improving long-term stability-risk assessment.

A lighthouse is a tower, building, or other type of physical structure designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses and to serve as a beacon for navigational aid for maritime pilots at sea or on inland waterways. The primary purpose of a lighthouse is to serve as a navigational aid and warning beacon for ships at sea. It features an integrated system of heavy foundations, living or service quarters, a central spiral or straight staircase, an upper lantern room, and optical lens arrays designed to withstand extreme wind and wave action. The primary purpose of a lighthouse is to serve as a navigational aid and warning beacon for ships at sea. They help mariners avoid dangerous rocks, reefs, and shallow coastlines, guide vessels safely into harbors, and act as a reliable visual backup when modern electronic navigation systems fail.