Cold-pressed hazelnut oil is gaining attention as a premium edible oil due to its high nutritional value and the preservation of natural bioactive compounds during extraction. This study investigates the physicochemical and nutritional properties of cold-pressed Corylus avellana oil, with an emphasis on quality indicators such as acid value, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter, density, and refractive index. Advanced techniques including GC-FID and HPLC were employed to analyze the fatty acid profile, sterol content, and tocopherol levels. Results demonstrate that the oil is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, primarily oleic acid (C18:1), and contains significant amounts of β-sitosterol and α-tocopherol. These findings highlight the oil’s nutritional potential and functional value, supporting its use in health-oriented food formulations. The data offer a robust analytical basis for quality assessment and product development in the edible oil industry.

Background: Many fungi cause pulmonary disease in HIV-infected patients. Pulmonary infections due to mycosis remain a major cause of both morbidity and mortality among HIV patients. HIV infection reduces the number and functionality of CD4 helper lymphocytes that direct and coordinate acquired immunity against most pathogens. The decrease in CD4+ T lymphocyte count leads to various opportunistic infections (OI) in HIV infected persons. Identification of the fungal species is important, as it helps in the initiation of specific antifungal therapy which improves the outcome of treatment. Systemic fungal infections are more frequent and sever in patients with HIV infection. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pulmonary fungal pathogens and their association with CD4+ lymphocyte count among HIV-infected patients. Method: A prospective cross sectional study was conduct at ALERT hospital from September, 2021 to April, 2022. Consented participants’ information was collected using structured questionnaire. A total of 385 sputum and blood samples from HIV infected patients were collected aseptically by convenient sampling method and the sputum samples were inoculated into the sputum samples into SDA (Sabrouad’s Dextrose Agar). Fungal culture identification was performed by studying the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of their colonies on SDA medium. Also Germ tube production test, CHROM agar test, Indian ink test and Lacto phenol cotton blue stain were used for further identification of fungal isolates and CD4+ T lymphocyte count were determined using BD FACSPristo machine. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Descriptive statistics and logistic regressions were used and P-value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Result: The prevalence of pulmonary fungal pathogens among HIV infected patient was 69.6% and nine different pulmonary fungal species were isolated from 268 cultures positive isolates. Candida Albicans and Aspergillus niger are among the predominant pulmonary fungal species and Cryptococcus species and Mucor specie showed the least. The highest pulmonary fungal isolates growth rate were observed from patients that have CD4+ T lymphocyte counts

Across the globe, the greatest challenge of agriculture systems is to produce food, manage stresses, and confront the prevailed dependency on chemical inputs including fertilizers and pesticides. From crop emergence to maturity, there is an increased risk of occurrence of pests and weeds. Pathogens attack plants resulting in huge crop losses every year, which vary from 15-20% and such diseases are caused by viruses, fungi, bacteria and nematodes. Any stress management is vital in agriculture to maintain crop health and productivity so as to meet food security requirements for a continuous increase in the estimated world population. Ongoing production of agricultural crops largely depends on various soil types and surrounding environments, but crop production faces abiotic stresses also worldwide due to changing climate conditions such as rising temperature, increasing salinity, floods, drought, frequent floods, and ozone damage. It is, therefore, a challenging task to employ effective technologies for pest immunity and disease management against the current burden of the global increasing population. Thus, there is a need for a more eco-compatible technology that can somehow justify abundant agricultural crop production by considering health issues as well as harmful effects on the environment. Traditionally, soils rich in natural nutrients have been used for agriculture. Since agricultural crops rely on synthetic fertilizers and agro-chemicals for highest crop production therefore biofertilizers are a good solution to combat agricultural pests. Biofertilizers and organic farming are a holistic crop and soil management methods with little use of chemical inputs. Around 3% of the world’s arable land is cultivated with organic farming. Organic crop biology increased from 1.7 million hectares in 2020 to 195 million hectares worldwide in 2022. The fertilizers used in this method are rock phosphate, bone meal, green manure, and paucity cake. Application of natural product fertilizers enhance crop quality and productivity and provide natural nutrients. Modern agriculture requires balanced nutrition and crop pest and disease management strategy for public health and safe environment. This process can be obtained by the use of bio fertilizers, weed, and biological control agents. Biofertilizers are natural living things containing plant nutrients that provide nutrients to the plant. On the other hand, booster focus needs on the minimum use of synthetic chemicals by focusing on biofertilizers and biocontrol agents for large crop production free of harmful chemicals.

Introduction: The goal of dispensing is to guarantee that the appropriate medication is administered to the appropriate patient in the appropriate dosage, the appropriate form, with the appropriate instructions, and in a container that preserves the medication's efficacy. The amount of data from Shegar Oromiya Primary hospitals in Ethiopia, however, is insufficient to determine the magnitude of dispensing error and its cause. Objective: Determine the various types of dispensing errors, their causes, and their occurrence in the pharmacy at Primary hospitals in Shegar Oromiya Ethiopia to enable taking the necessary measures. Method: From March to June 2022, a cross-sectional prospective study in the OPD pharmacy at Primary hospitals in Shegar Oromiya Ethiopia was carried out using a systematic observational check list. (EPH). To further look into the potential causes of the dispensing error, extensive interviews with the hospital's pharmacists and druggist were also done. Result: In this study, 384 patient prescriptions were examined, and the dispensing errors that were discovered were divided into four groups: errors in patient identification, content, labeling, and teaching or counseling of patients. In total, 384 prescriptions were written; of these, 27.9% were missing the patient's name, 59.9% were missing their age, and 59.9% were written without the patient's sex having been verified beforehand. Among the 733 medications prescribed, only 7.3% contained labels including the drug name, patient name, patient's age, sex, and usage instructions. There are no warnings or expiration dates on the labels of any pharmaceuticals. 11.5% of folks are also familiar with drug storage locations. No one among the 384 patients tested knew how to manage any of the drugs' negative effects. Conclusion: This study revealed four primary categories of dispensing errors in EPH: patient identification, substance, labeling, and counseling problems. Labeling and patient identification receive the highest percentages, but content error and counseling error receive the lowest percentages. The pharmacist/druggist has identified a number of factors that contribute to dispensing errors, such as heavy patient workloads, illegible handwriting, unfavorable dispensing conditions, a lack of hospital pharmacy work flow systems, and others.

Aims: This narrative review critically examines the literature on sarcopenic obesity (SO), emphasizing its definition, pathophysiology, limitations of conventional therapies, and the therapeutic potential of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), particularly oxandrolone and nandrolone. Ethical considerations and cardiovascular risks associated with AAS use are also discussed. Study Design: Narrative literature review. Methods: Studies were identified through PubMed using the following primary search terms: "obesity", "sarcopenia", "sarcopenic obesity", "anabolic androgenic steroids", and "therapeutics". Additional searches were conducted using the "Find Topics" and "Literature Review" tools within the AI-powered Scispace platform. Relevant citations from key authors were also manually screened for inclusion. Results: Sarcopenic obesity is a multifactorial condition that significantly compromises functional and metabolic health, particularly in older adults. Conventional therapies—namely diet and exercise—often yield limited efficacy, especially in individuals with hormonal impairments or chronic inflammation. AAS such as oxandrolone and nandrolone have demonstrated beneficial effects on muscle mass preservation and recovery in select clinical settings. Nevertheless, concerns regarding cardiovascular safety and adverse effects persist, especially in cases of non-medical use. When ethically prescribed and carefully monitored, AAS may represent a viable adjunct in the management of refractory SO. Conclusion: While further large-scale, controlled studies are warranted, current evidence suggests that AAS may serve a legitimate therapeutic role in select cases of sarcopenic obesity unresponsive to conventional interventions. Their inclusion in multimodal rehabilitation strategies—when clinically justified and closely supervised—should be considered. Clear distinctions between medical use and abuse must guide both clinical decision-making and scientific discourse to ensure rational, patient-centered care.

This study investigates the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of ethanolic extracts and essential oils derived from eight commonly used Indian spices and herbs, including ajwain, fennel, bay leaves, coriander, dill (leaves and seeds), kalonji, and scallions. Phytochemical extraction was performed using Soxhlet and Clevenger methods, and antioxidant activity was assessed via DPPH radical scavenging assay. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated using disc diffusion, vapor phase, and microdilution methods against selected bacterial and fungal strains. Results revealed that ethanolic extracts generally exhibited stronger antioxidant activities than their essential oil counterparts, with ajwain and coriander showing the highest radical scavenging potential. Conversely, essential oils demonstrated broader antimicrobial activity, particularly those from fennel and ajwain, which inhibited both bacterial and fungal growth effectively. The vapor phase assay showed heightened sensitivity in fungal strains to essential oils, while MIC values indicated that ethanolic extracts were more efficient at lower concentrations. Ajwain emerged as the most potent spice in both antioxidant and antimicrobial assays, attributed to compounds such as thymol and carvacrol. The findings highlight the potential of these spices and herbs as natural preservatives and therapeutic agents, supporting their integration in food safety, cosmetic formulations, and alternative medicine.

Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) has emerged as a pivotal advancement in pharmaceutical analysis, leveraging sub-2 µm particle technology to achieve unprecedented speed, resolution, and sensitivity. While traditional High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) remains a cornerstone, UPLC’s superior efficiency—governed by the van Deemter equation—enables faster separations with enhanced peak capacity. However, its adoption necessitates careful consideration of operational challenges, including increased backpressure, method scalability, and economic trade-offs. This article critically examines UPLC’s theoretical foundations, practical applications in drug development and quality control, and its integration with mass spectrometry (MS) for bioanalytical assays. We also explore regulatory implications and cost-benefit analyses to guide strategic implementation in pharmaceutical laboratories.

Toothpaste is a popular product used by everyone. Toothpaste is commonly used to clean the teeth and mouth. It is also used to treat a variety of dental diseases. Many dentists recommend using toothpaste to alleviate conditions such as sensitivity and chronic gingivitis. Toothpaste is a popular product used by everyone. Toothpaste is commonly used to clean the teeth and mouth. It is also used to treat a variety of dental diseases. Many dentists recommend using toothpaste to alleviate conditions such as sensitivity and chronic gingivitis. Herbal toothpastes can be evaluated using various tests, including physical examination, relative density, abrasiveness, spreadability, pH determination, homogeneity, foaming, stability, moisture and volatile matter, foaming character, organoleptic evaluation, pH, fragrance test, shape retention, and storage stability. Herbal toothpaste is made with herbs such as nosadar, mint, camphor, cardamom, neem, sendha namak, dry ginger powder, geru, clove, black pepper, and alum stone.

This study presents the synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of two novel quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs): Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride (QAC-1) and Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (QAC-2), with a focus on their potential as cosmetic preservatives. QAC-1 and QAC-2 were synthesized via alkylation reactions and characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, which confirmed the presence of key functional groups such as C–H stretching and N⁺–CH₃ vibrations. Theoretical and practical yields were calculated, with QAC-1 showing a significantly higher yield (78.08%) compared to QAC-2 (39.99%). Antibacterial activity was assessed using the cup plate method, where QAC-1 exhibited a larger zone of inhibition (4.0 cm) than the standard cetrimide (3.5 cm), while QAC-2 showed moderate activity (3.2 cm). Compatibility studies with common cosmetic excipients revealed good stability of both QACs with hydrophilic substances like glycerin and propylene glycol, whereas lipophilic excipients such as stearic acid and cetyl alcohol led to phase separation or precipitation. These findings highlight QAC-1 as a promising candidate for application as a novel cosmetic preservative, particularly in water-based formulations. Further toxicological and formulation studies are recommended to explore their full potential.

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is a crucial treatment for patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy for conditions such as Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma (MM), leukemias, and certain solid tumors. Successful transplantation depends on the ability to collect an adequate number of CD34+ HSCs from the peripheral blood, a process that can be challenging for some patients using standard mobilization methods like chemotherapy and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF Plerixafor, an FDA-approved agent used in combination with G-CSF, has significantly improved stem cell mobilization, particularly in patients with lymphoma and myeloma who struggle to mobilize sufficient cells. Its introduction has expanded the number of patients eligible for transplantation, reducing the need for multiple apheresis sessions and improving collection efficiency. However, due to its high cost, plerixafor is typically reserved for patients who fail standard mobilization strategies. Ongoing research continues to explore its broader applications, including its potential use in allogeneic transplantation and other hematologic conditions. As the role of plerixafor in stem cell therapy evolves, its impact on transplantation success and patient outcomes remains an important area of study.

This study focuses on the Preparation and evaluation of a therapeutic lollipop containing Tinospora Cordifolia, a well-known immunomodulatory and antipyretic herb. The lollipops were prepared using a heating and congealing method, ensuring uniform mixing and solidification. The formulation included excipients like sucrose, glucose, agar, citric acid, calcium carbonate, and peppermint oil to enhance stability, taste, and texture. Comprehensive evaluations were conducted to assess physical parameters (thickness, hardness, weight variation, friability), drug content, disintegration behavior, and sensory appeal. The results demonstrated excellent physical integrity, with a drug content of 93%, a disintegration time of 25 minutes, and minimal friability (0.81%). Sensory evaluation yielded high consumer acceptability, especially in terms of taste, color, and overall appearance. FTIR and UV spectroscopy confirmed the presence and stability of the herbal constituents in the final formulation. These findings indicate that herbal lollipops are a promising, palatable, and effective oral dosage form for delivering herbal bioactives, especially to pediatric and geriatric populations.

Despite being thought of as inert substances, excipients are essential for improving drug permeability and solubility, which has a big impact on bioavailability and therapeutic results. Optimizing solubility and permeability is crucial in biopharmaceutics, particularly for medications that fall into Classes II and IV of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) and are poorly soluble in water and have low permeability. The mechanisms by which excipients affect drug permeability and solubility are examined in this review, with a focus on how they affect formulation development. To increase drug solubility, excipients such lipid-based carriers, polymers, and surfactants have been used widely. By decreasing surface tension and improving drug particle wetting, surfactants, for instance, improve solubility and make it easier for drugs to dissolve in gastrointestinal (GI) fluids. Solid dispersions are produced by hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which stabilize medications in an amorphous state that is more soluble than crystalline forms. By increasing its dispersion in GI fluids, lipid-based formulations like liposomes and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) provide other ways to increase the solubility of hydrophobic medications. Excipients are essential for boosting medication permeability in addition to improving solubility. Drug transport across intestinal barriers is facilitated by penetration enhancers including bile salts, fatty acids, and surfactants, which alter the integrity of biological membranes. These excipients function by promoting fluidity in membranes, facilitating tight junctions, or blocking efflux transporters, such as P-glycoprotein, which actively remove medications from cells. These excipients greatly enhance drug absorption by removing permeability barriers, particularly for medications with limited permeability in their native condition. Even while excipients have benefits, using them might provide difficulties. Formulation development must take into account safety issues, legal barriers, and the possibility of interactions between excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Furthermore, physiological variables including pH variations and GI tract enzyme activity might cause excipient performance to vary, which could affect the uniformity of medication absorption. Excipients are essential to contemporary medication formulation, especially when it comes to enhancing the permeability and solubility of difficult drug candidates. New opportunities for improving medication absorption and bioavailability are constantly presented by developments in excipient technology. Nonetheless, further investigation is required to tackle safety, stability, and regulatory issues, guaranteeing that excipients efficiently enhance drug delivery in biopharmaceutical applications.

Hypertension is a common chronic condition and a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The rising prevalence of high blood pressure and the limitations of current antihypertensive drugs, including side effects and high costs, have led to increased interest in medicinal plants as alternative therapies. This project aimed to investigate the antihypertensive activity of selected medicinal plants traditionally used for managing blood pressure, including Allium sativum (garlic), Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle), and Moringa oleifera (drumstick). Ethanolic extracts were prepared using maceration and subjected to phytochemical screening. The antihypertensive activity was evaluated using in vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition assay. All three plant extracts exhibited notable ACE inhibitory activity, with Hibiscus sabdariffa showing the most potent effect. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, Hypertension is a chronic medical condition that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. The limitations and side effects of conventional antihypertensive drugs have driven interest in alternative therapies, particularly those derived from medicinal plants. This study investigates the antihypertensive activity of two medicinal plants, Plant A and Plant B, traditionally used in folk medicine for managing high blood pressure. Ethanolic extracts of both plants were prepared and subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, revealing the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolic compounds. In vivo antihypertensive activity was evaluated using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), where both extracts demonstrated significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to the control group. The findings suggest that Plant A and Plant B contain bioactive compounds that contribute to their blood.

Drug discovery and development is going through a revolution with artificial intelligence (AI) which gives faster and cheaper solutions than traditional methods. AI-driven active learning is becoming more and more common in drug development as it finds important information inside large chemical spaces even with very little labeled data. By screening compounds and improving lead molecules, AI can find potential drug candidates by reducing the time and resources needed to get from hit to lead. CADD has greatly impacted this field. Another advantage of using CADD with AI, ML, and DL to manage large biological data is the time and cost of drug development has decreased. Deep learning and AI are necessary to organize and evaluate the data generated by combinatorial chemistry. This helps de novo, virtual screening, and structure-based drug design. Because active learning can find useful information even with minimal labelled data it’s a great approach for drug development. This approach addresses the challenges posed by data in the broad realm of chemistry. The article delves into the role of learning in drug development across stages such as predicting compound interactions, conducting screenings, designing and optimizing molecules, and forecasting properties. It also explores the obstacles and future potential of learning in drug development. Notably, structure-based drug design is gaining importance as a method to accelerate and streamline lead discovery compared to traditional methods. Moreover, artificial intelligence and deep learning technologies are employed to analyze and organize data sets in the drug discovery domain. Additionally, advanced machine learning tools driven by AI significantly influence the drug discovery process including areas of medicinal chemistry.

This project was aimed to formulate and characterize mucoadhesive buccal tablets of aceclofenac, utilizing different proportions of three polymers carbopol 934, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose. Twelve batches of buccoadhesive aceclofenac were prepared by the direct compression method. The compressed tablets were then evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as hardness, thickness, weight variation, drug content, friability, swelling index, surface pH, and ex vivo mucoadhesion. In vitro dissolution test was conducted for 12 h according to Indian Pharmacopeia 2018, using the rotating paddle method in phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. Physiochemical parameters like weight variation (231.25–268.75 mg), hardness (8.32–11.56 kg), friability (0.04–0.2%), diameter (9.00 mm), thickness (3.8–4.05 mm), and drug content ((97.67–102.25%) were within the acceptable limit as per Indian Pharmacopeia 2018. The swelling index was reported to be in the range of 112.93–450.19%, at 8 h. The surface pHs of all the batches were in between 6.72 to 6.96. The mucoadhesive strengths (40.5– 50 g) varied with the change in polymer concentrations especially of carbopol 934. The dissolution profile of all the batches varied greatly, with a maximum release of 109.41% (in batch 12 at 6 h) to a minimum release of 44.82% (in batch 3 at 12 h). Among them, only batch 1 ensured sustained and effective drug release (88.34% at 12 h) with appropriate swelling index (112.93%) and mucoadhesive strength (40 g). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis showed no evidence of drug excipients interaction. Hence, the results concluded that buccal mucoadhesive aceclofenac tablets can be formulated. Furthermore, the property of the tablet not only depends on the concentration but also the behavior of the polymers used. Buccal tablets were prepared using mucoadhesive polymers like Chitosan, HPMC K4M, Na CMC & amp; Sod. alginate by direct compression technique. Buccal tablets were characterized for number of parameters like Hardness, weight uniformity, thickness, % friability, swelling index, mucoadhesive strength, surface pH, drug–excipient interaction study, drug content uniformity and In vitro drug release study. . The continuous secretion of saliva and its subsequent swallowing can lead to substantial drug depletion from the dosage form and hence low bioavailability. Therefore, other transmucosal routes such as nasal, rectal, vaginal, ocular and oral mucosae are being considered as alternatives to conventional oral dosage forms for drug delivery to avoid the above disadvantages associated with conventional oral delivery (i.e., tablets, capsules, syrups, etc.). Of these routes of delivery, the buccal oral mucosa has emerged as one of the target sites for administration of drugs in a wide variety of dosage forms, particularly for those drugs targeted for local delivery in the oral cavity and systemic absorption.