Chocolate is a raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical tree Theobroma cocao. Dark chocolate, rich in bioactive compounds like catechins, procyanidins, and theobromine offers cardiovascular benefits such as improved blood pressure, reduced platelet aggregation and enhanced endothelial function. It reduces the risk of atherosclerosis by restoring the flexibility of the arteries and preventing WBCs from attaching to the walls of the blood vessels. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, 101gms bar of dark chocolate with 70-85% cocoa solids provides 604 calories, 7.87g of protein, 11g of dietary fibre, 23g of magnesium, 12.2g of iron, and 3.34g of zinc. Flavanols in dark chocolate boost nitric oxide production, dilating blood vessels, improving blood flow, and lowering blood pressure which helps prevent blood clots. Combining dark chocolate with almonds reduces harmful cholesterol particles, lowering the risk of heart disease. Dark chocolate contains theobromine which has the same characteristics as coffee, notably enhanced alertness, motivation to work, and energy. The flavonoids in dark chocolate also aid in diminishing insulin resistance. Furthermore, dark chocolate has a low glycaemic index.

This study investigates the mechanical properties of vulcanizates based on SRI-3 rubber with the addition of a natural biopolymer derived from grape leaves. The aim of the research was to develop composite materials with improved performance characteristics and enhanced environmental safety by utilizing renewable plant-based components. Various curing methods for SKI-3-based rubber compounds modified with the biopolymer were examined, including classical sulfur vulcanization. The results showed that the main vulcanization parameters — such as scorch time, tensile modulus, and total vulcanization time — remain comparable across the studied systems. The use of grape leaf as a modifier demonstrated that the resulting vulcanizates possess very high mechanical properties. The tensile strength reaches 24 MPa, which is 1.5 times higher than that of standard SKI-3-based rubber. The study also revealed that the residual elongation of the developed rubber is only 2%.

Effective and rapid wound healing requires advanced therapeutic strategies capable of maintaining a moist wound environment, minimizing infection, and promoting tissue regeneration. Among emerging technologies, phytoconstituent-based nanodrug delivery systems have demonstrated promising potential in enhancing wound healing. These nanoscale formulations offer targeted and sustained release of bioactive compounds, enabling accelerated tissue repair while minimizing adverse effects. Nanomedicine provides a more focused and efficient therapeutic approach, addressing the limitations of conventional dosage forms by improving site-specific delivery and bioavailability of therapeutic agents. Recent research has highlighted various nanocarrier systems such as dendrimers, hydrogels, liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles, and nanosomes that significantly enhance wound healing outcomes. These nanotechnologies not only improve the clinical relevance of treatment strategies but also offer superior therapeutic benefits, particularly in managing chronic and diabetic wounds. This review summarizes recent advancements in nanomedicine and emphasizes its expanding role in modern wound care through innovative drug delivery platforms tailored for improved healing efficacy.

Graha Rogas represent one of Ayurveda's most enigmatic yet profound clinical concepts, deeply rooted in the pediatric specialty of Kaumarabhritya. Historically classified under Bhuta Vidya (knowledge of supernatural entities), these disorders have been marginalized in contemporary discourse due to their mythological framing and perceived lack of scientific validity. Texts like the Ashtanga Sangraha and Sushruta Samhita dedicated entire sections to Graha Chikitsa, while later works (Kumara Tantra, Chakradatta) preserved detailed descriptions of these acute, life-threatening conditions. Modern skepticism arises from the personification of Grahas as entities like Skanda, Putana, or Revati—a language reflecting the cultural milieu of ancient scholars rather than literal belief. This review posits that Graha Rogas constitute Ayurveda's sophisticated framework for infectious diseases, with "Grahas" symbolizing pathogenic microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, protozoa). We deconstruct this paradigm through epidemiological, clinical, and pathophysiological correlations, arguing for its urgent integration into modern infectious disease models. This review article aims to demystify Graha Rogas by re-interpreting their characteristics, causative factors, clinical presentations, and management principles through a contemporary scientific lens, particularly concerning microbial infections and their impact on physical and psychological well-being.

Benzene is a volatile organic compound recognized for its carcinogenic effects in humans. This study investigated the effects of benzene exposure on lipid profile and selected biochemical parameters namely total protein, albumin, and total bilirubin in Wistar rats. A total of 40 adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 10 groups, each comprising four rats. Group 1 received distilled water and served as the control, while groups 2 through 9 were administered increasing doses of analytical-grade benzene at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 ml/kg body weight, respectively, for a duration of 28 days. Unfortunately, animals in groups 6 to 10 did not survive the entire 28-day study period. Rats in groups 1 to 5 were euthanized on day 28 under chloroform anesthesia, and blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. Benzene exposure resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and total bilirubin, while levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total protein, and albumin were significantly decreased. These findings suggest that benzene adversely affects lipid metabolism and liver function, likely through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and hepatocellular injury.

Pregnancy is the period during which a fetus develops in womans uterus, typically lasting about 40 weeks from the last menstral period it involves significant physical and physiological changes in the mother’s body to support fetal development. 40 weeks of pregnancy are often divided into 3trimesters each with distinct developmental stages. during this time the mothers body goes through immense changes involving all organ systems to sustain the growing fetus. all medical providers must be aware of these alterations present in pregnancy to be able to provide the best possible care for both mother and fetus.

Two new molecular compounds have been discovered in the leaves of Cnestis polyphylla (Connaraceae), collected in Madagascar. This plant has verified acute toxicity, which justifies its empirical use. Biological tests, phytochemical screening, guided extraction, and column isolation were performed on the plant. The determination of the structures of the two molecules was carried out using 1D and 2D NMR.

Emerging evidence has identified a distinct subset of cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), as key contributors to tumor initiation, progression, recurrence, and metastasis. These cells possess the unique abilities of self-renewal and differentiation, making them central players in treatment resistance and tumor relapse. CSCs have been discovered in various tissues, including both healthy and malignant thyroid tissue, and their function is regulated by specific intracellular signaling pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs) that influence gene expression and cellular behavior (Vicari 2016). In thyroid cancer, CSCs are particularly concerning due to their high invasiveness and resistance to conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This resistance is thought to play a major role in cancer recurrence and the spread of disease after initial treatment. Therefore, understanding the biology and behavior of thyroid CSCs may offer promising new avenues for targeted therapies, especially for aggressive and treatment-resistant forms of the disease.

Background: Traditional medicinal systems have long used Rubia cordifolia as a remedy for various reproductive and gynecological disorders. However, its antifertility potential remains scientifically underexplored. The objective is to evaluate the antifertility activity of aqueous and ethanolic root extracts of Rubia cordifolia in female Wistar rats. Methods: Ethanolic (EERC) and aqueous (AERC) extracts were prepared and subjected to phytochemical screening. Acute oral toxicity was evaluated as per OECD guideline 420. Female rats were treated with the extracts (200 mg/kg, orally) during the first seven days of pregnancy. Anti-implantation and abortifacient effects were assessed on day 10. Histopathological analysis of uterine tissue was also performed. Results: Both extracts were non-toxic up to 2000 mg/kg. EERC showed 85% abortifacient and 25% anti-implantation activity, while AERC demonstrated 50% activity for both parameters. Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, and phenolics. Histology showed mild uterine epithelial hyperplasia with EERC, and normal uterine structure with AERC. Conclusion: Rubia cordifolia root extracts exhibit significant antifertility activity through anti-implantation and abortifacient effects, likely due to estrogenic phytoconstituents. These findings support its traditional use and suggest potential for development of plant-based contraceptive agents.

Aminoglycosides are known to be potent bactericidal antibiotics that are widely used for severe gram-negative infections; however, the use of these drugs is limited simultaneously due to their nephrotoxicity leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). This review provides a detailed overview of aminoglycoside-induced AKI, focusing on its mechanisms, risk factors, clinical diagnosis, and management. The pathophysiology involves accumulation of the drug in proximal tubular cells with associated oxidative stress, mitochondrial injury, and apoptosis. Risk factors include high cumulative doses, prolonged duration of therapy, pre-existing renal disease, and use of concomitant nephrotoxic agents. Clinical diagnosis has evolved from the traditional serum creatinine towards newer biomarker candidates like NGAL and KIM-1. Treatment usually involves immediate discontinuation of the offending agent, renal supportive care, therapeutic drug monitoring, and potentially, novel agents with renoprotective properties. Despite recent advances, significant gaps in the early recognition and prevention of toxicity remain. The future holds promise for individualized dosing regimens, biomarker-guided therapy, and safer drug formulations to maintain antimicrobial activity while ensuring renal safety.

Background: Nocturnal enuresis, or Shayya Mutra in Ayurveda, is the involuntary passage of urine during sleep beyond the age at which continence is normally achieved. It is common in pediatric practice and impacts the child’s self-esteem and family dynamics. Conventional medicine emphasizes behavioral and pharmacological therapies, while Ayurveda offers a unique psychosomatic perspective integrating Satwavajaya Chikitsa (mind-control therapy), diet, herbal medicines, and lifestyle interventions. Methods: A narrative review and synthesis of classical Ayurvedic concepts, modern diagnostic criteria (DSM-5, ICCS), and evidence-based behavioral, pharmacological, and Ayurvedic perspective, its pathophysiology was analyzed to present a comprehensive Ayurvedic understanding of nocturnal enuresis and explore integrative management strategies. Results: Nocturnal enuresis is classified into primary and secondary forms. Ayurveda attributes its pathogenesis to Prana Vata, Apana Vata Dushti, and Rajo Guna vitiation of the mind, highlighting psychosomatic factors. Management combines Satwavajaya Chikitsa (psychotherapy), dietary modifications, bladder training, herbal formulations like Jatiphala Churna and Bimbi Moola, and modern adjuncts like alarm therapy and Desmopressin. Conclusion: Integrating behavioral therapies with Ayurvedic principles addresses both physiological and psychosomatic roots of Shayya Mutra. This holistic approach can significantly improve the child’s continence, self-esteem, and family well-being.

In Madagascar, traditional medicine holds an important place in Malagasy society, thanks to its customs and rich biodiversity, particularly the endemicity of plants and their therapeutic virtues. Based on ethnobotanical data, a plant known by the vernacular name Verompoly (Sakalava name) and scientifically called Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov var. madagascariensis (Poaceae) is used by the local population to treat fever, infections and blood pressure problems. The results of biological screening tests show that the dichloromethane extract has very interesting antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study is to isolate the principles responsible for this plant's antibacterial activities. The application of bioguided fractionation methods, using the chromatography technique on dichloromethane extract followed by antimicrobial tests to locate products, enabled us to isolate three pure active ingredients noted ( CG-01, CG-02 and CG-03). The chemical structures of these three products have been elucidated using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1D and 2D NMR). They are all attributed to Isobenzofuro-[4,5c]-Xanthone derivatives. The overall results of studies on this plant show that the empirical uses of Verompoly have been scientifically proven, and their active principles are attributed to new molecules included in the family of complexes phenolic compounds derived from Isobenzofuro-[4,5c]-Xanthone.

Photochemical screening of ethyl acetate extract of Gnidia daphnifolia Lf stems indicated the presence of steroids and triterpene. Column chromatography of the crude extracts (AcOEt) lead to a number of fractions. Purification of ethyl acetate extract fraction resulted in the isolation of mixture of two sterols namely Stigmasterol and β-Sitosterol. The isolation compounds afforded white crystalline powder which was characterized on the 1D RMN (1H and DEPT) and 2D RMN (HSQC, COSY and HMBC) spectral and compared with their literature data.

According to Ayurveda the body has many channels called srotas that allow the dhatu, doshas, and malas to flow. These include both subtle channels, like capillaries and more subtle one like the intestinal tract, lymphatic system, arteries, veins, and genitor-urinary tracts. Ayurveda offers a number of diagnostic methods that need to be discussed in light of the modern world. Since the entire body is composed of millions of srotas and this is one of the Ayurvedic terms and a fundamental component of Ayurveda. Ayurveda aids in identifying the srotas that are impacted, and ultimately the illness process. In order to diagnose sickness, Ayurveda also uses Agni and Dhatu in the dosha imbalance. Ayurveda uses dosh imbalance as a tool. Dhatu and agni in illness evalution Sushryt provided a surgical aspect of srotas, but charak provided a medicinal explanation. Students studying Ayurveda will benefit from having their understanding of srotes clarified. Ayurvedic Acharyas, an, unhealthy lifestyle and unwholesome diet can cause the srotas system to lose its integrity, which affects the entire range of life processes in both health and sickness. According to Acharya charak, Without the help of the srotas that transport the Dathus, which are continually undergoing transformations, no structure in the body can grow and develop or waste away and atrophy.

Laurolitsine, a 1-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid from L. serbifera (L. glutinosa), exhibits significant in silico potential as an antiviral agent that targets key viral proteins and host receptors. This study evaluated the optimized derivatives of L. serbifera (L. glutinosa) phytochemicals, including quercetin-3-O-glucoside, epicatechin-3-gallate, boldine-7-O-methyl, litseasin A-acetate, and neophytadiene, for their antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, RdRp, Spike RBD, and influenza neuraminidase. In silico docking reveals superior binding affinities (-8.0 to -9.0 kcal/mol) compared to standard drugs, such as remdesivir (-7.8 kcal/mol) and oseltamivir (-8.1 kcal/mol), driven by enhanced hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions. Optimized derivatives display improved HOMO-LUMO properties, with higher HOMO energies (-5.40 to -5.95 eV) and larger HOMO-LUMO gaps (3.70–3.85 eV), indicating better electron-donating ability and chemical stability. ADMET profiling suggests favorable human intestinal absorption (65–92%) and moderate clearance (0.58–0.80 log mL/min/kg), although some derivatives show low toxicity risks (e.g., litseasin A-acetate). Drug-likeness analysis indicated boldine-7-O-methyl as the most promising candidate (no Lipinski violations, score: 0.78). Virus inhibitory activity (CTI: 65.0–85.0) significantly surpasses standards (10.3–29.9), particularly against influenza strains. These findings highlight L. serbifera (L. glutinosa) derivatives as potent antiviral candidates, warranting further in vitro and in vivo validation.