Inflammation is a complex biological response that plays a vital role in protecting the body against pathogens, tissue injury, and harmful stimuli. However, persistent or uncontrolled inflammation is associated with the development of numerous chronic diseases, including arthritis, cardiovascular disorder, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Although conventional anti-inflammatory drugs are effective, their long-term use is often limited by adverse effects, creating a need for safer and more effective therapeutic alternatives. Medicinal plants have emerged as promising sources of anti-inflammatory agents due to their rich content of bioactive phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and glycosides. This review summarizes recent in vitro studies on the anti-inflammatory potential of medicinal plants, plant-derived compounds, and green synthesized nanoparticles. The reviewed studies demonstrate that these natural products exert anti-inflammatory effects through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of protein denaturation, stabilization of cellular membranes, suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduction of nitric oxide production, inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, modulation of NF-кB signaling, and attenuation of oxidative stress. Furthermore, a strong relationship between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities was observed among many plant extracts. Overall, the findings highlight the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants as valuable sources of novel anti-inflammatory agents and support further in vivo and clinical investigations for the development of safe and effective treatments for inflammatory disorders.

Introduction: Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative tool in drug delivery, offering significant improvements over traditional pharmaceutical systems. Nano-sized drug carriers, due to their unique physicochemical properties, enhance drug performance by improving stability, reducing toxicity, increasing bioavailability, and enabling targeted delivery. These innovations address critical challenges such as drug degradation, poor solubility, and limited membrane permeability. Method: This study investigates the molecular mechanisms behind the success of nano-sized drug delivery systems. The topic was selected for its importance in improving therapeutic outcomes, especially for critically ill patients, including those with cancer. Data were collected through various research methods, including systematic and non-systematic literature reviews, metadata and umbrella reviews, and reputable online databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and AI-based platforms. Results: The analysis revealed that nanocarriers provide superior drug stability, controlled and accelerated release, and better bioavailability. Targeted delivery reduces systemic toxicity and increases therapeutic efficiency. These systems overcome key limitations of conventional drug delivery, particularly those related to solubility and permeability. Conclusion: Nanotechnology in drug delivery offers promising solutions to persistent pharmaceutical challenges. By enhancing stability, bioavailability, and precision targeting, nano-based systems pave the way for safer, more effective, and patient-centered therapies. The ongoing advancement of nanotechnology holds significant potential for the future of precision medicine and personalized treatment strategies.

Chitosan is a naturally derived, cationic polysaccharide obtained by partial deacetylation of chitin and has become an important platform in modern pharmaceutical technology because of its biodegradability, biocompatibility, mucoadhesion and chemically reactive amino and hydroxyl groups. These characteristics permit the construction of nanoparticles, nanogels, microspheres, hydrogels, films, polyelectrolyte complexes and hybrid nanocarriers capable of improving drug solubility, stability, residence time, cellular uptake and controlled release. This review examines the pharmacological and biopharmaceutical properties of chitosan and discusses the major chitosan-based delivery systems, their preparation principles and their suitability for different routes of administration. Particular emphasis is placed on passive, active and stimulus-responsive targeting, including pH-, temperature-, enzyme-, redox- and light-responsive systems. Recent developments in DNA, RNA, siRNA, mRNA and CRISPR-associated delivery demonstrate the potential of chitosan as a non-viral gene-delivery platform, while hybrid systems extend its utility toward theranostics and multimodal therapy. Despite substantial preclinical progress, clinical translation is limited by variability in molecular weight and degree of deacetylation, formulation reproducibility, colloidal stability, sterilization, scale-up, long-term safety and regulatory characterization. Future progress will depend on standardized pharmaceutical-grade chitosan, quality-by-design approaches, mechanistic understanding of biological interfaces and clinically relevant pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies. Overall, chitosan should be viewed not simply as an excipient but as a tunable delivery platform capable of integrating controlled release, targeting and biological functionality.

Smokeless tobacco use remains an important preventable cause of oral morbidity in India. Unlike smoked tobacco, these products are placed in the oral cavity, chewed, sucked, or applied to the teeth and gingiva. Common Indian preparations include khaini, gutka, tobacco-containing pan masala, zarda, mawa, mishri, gul, gudakhu, and tobacco used with betel quid. Many products also contain areca nut, slaked lime, catechu, flavouring agents, and other additives. Their use is influenced by affordability, easy availability, social acceptance, cultural practices, peer influence, and aggressive or indirect marketing. Evidence summarized in the source literature shows substantial use among Indian adults and adolescents, with higher use in several rural and socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Oral consequences include mucosal irritation, periodontal disease, tooth loss, staining, oral potentially malignant disorders, oral submucous fibrosis, and oral cancer. Areca nut-containing products are particularly relevant because areca nut is carcinogenic even in the absence of tobacco. Dentists and dental teams are strategically positioned to identify users, detect early mucosal changes, provide brief cessation counselling, and refer patients for comprehensive treatment. Effective control requires surveillance, health education, regulation of products and marketing, accessible cessation services, and coordinated action involving dental professionals, primary healthcare workers, schools, communities, and government agencies.

In concerned to the Research in Ayurveda today’s academic environment, although abundance of seminars, conferences and workshops conducted to enhance knowledge and skills, there remains a significant gap when it comes to providing students with a dedicated platform to showcase their ideas and innovations. Learning is often confined to listening and participation, but opportunities to present, validate and transform ideas into practical outcomes are limited. Hence there is a need for initiatives that can only educate but also empower students to express, exhibit and evolve their innovative thoughts into meaningful contributions.

The present study was undertaken to isolate and characterize the bioactive phytoconstituents present in Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. and Cassytha filiformis Linn. The plant materials were subjected to suitable extraction procedures, followed by bioactivity-guided fractionation to identify fractions containing potentially active chemical constituents. The active fractions were further separated and purified using column chromatography to obtain individual compounds. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was employed to monitor the separation process and assess the purity of the isolated compounds based on their characteristic chromatographic profiles. The isolated phytoconstituents were subsequently subjected to spectroscopic characterization using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. The combined spectral data were used to determine the structural characteristics of the isolated compounds. The study provides useful information regarding the bioactive chemical constituents of C. reflexa and C. filiformis and supports further investigation of their pharmacological potential.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections are becoming increasingly difficult to manage because the organisms involved can withstand several commonly used antimicrobial classes. This problem is not caused by a single mechanism; antibiotic exposure, selection pressure, horizontal transfer of resistance genes, healthcare transmission and gaps in infection prevention all contribute to it. Precision therapy aims to replace prolonged guesswork with a more individualized process: identify the pathogen quickly, determine its resistance profile, consider patient-specific factors and then select the narrowest effective treatment. Rapid molecular tests, whole-genome sequencing, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, pharmacogenomics and artificial intelligence can support this process. Alongside conventional antibiotics, emerging approaches such as bacteriophage therapy, CRISPR-based antimicrobials, antimicrobial peptides, monoclonal antibodies and targeted nanomedicine are being investigated for difficult-to-treat infections. The field is promising, but most of these technologies still require stronger clinical validation, reliable delivery systems, standardized workflows and affordable access. Therefore, precision therapy should be viewed not as a replacement for antimicrobial stewardship, but as a way of making stewardship more informed, faster and more patient-centred.

Background: Varicose veins are a prevalent chronic venous disorder characterized by abnormal dilatation, elongation of superficial veins, most commonly affecting the lower extremities. The condition develops due to venous valve incompetence and impaired venous return, resulting in venous hypertension and progressive changes in the venous wall. It is a major health concern worldwide, affecting individuals across different age groups and occupational backgrounds, particularly those with prolonged standing, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, pregnancy, or genetic predisposition. Clinically, varicose veins may present with a wide spectrum of symptoms including visible enlarged veins, pain, heaviness of limbs, fatigue, itching, muscle cramps, swelling, and discomfort that increases after prolonged standing. In advanced stages, chronic venous insufficiency may lead to skin hyperpigmentation, eczema, lipodermatosclerosis, and venous leg ulcers, significantly affecting physical activity, psychological well being, and overall quality of life. Modern medical management includes conservative and interventional approaches such as compression therapy, lifestyle modification, pharmacological measures, sclerotherapy, endovenous laser therapy, radiofrequency ablation, and surgical ligation or stripping. Although these treatments are effective, recurrence, procedural complications, cost, and limited long term preventive strategies remain important concerns. In Ayurveda, varicose veins can be correlated with conditions described under Siragata Vata, Siragranthi, and disorders involving the vitiation of Vata Dosha and Rakta Dhatu. Classical Ayurvedic texts describe abnormalities of blood vessels (Sira) resulting from impaired circulation, obstruction of channels (Srotodushti), and imbalance of Doshas. The pathogenesis involves aggravated Vata causing abnormal movement and distension of veins, along with Rakta and Pitta involvement leading to inflammation and discoloration. Ayurvedic management focuses on correcting Dosha imbalance, improving vascular function, and reducing inflammation, strengthening tissues, and maintaining healthy circulation through internal medications, external therapies, Panchakarma procedures, dietary modifications, and lifestyle practices. Objective-The present review aims to explore the Ayurvedic understanding of varicose veins and evaluate the available management approaches described in classical Ayurvedic literature and contemporary scientific studies. The objective is to compile information regarding the Ayurvedic concepts of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies, and to assess the potential role of Ayurveda as an integrative approach in the management of varicose veins. Methods-A narrative review methodology was adopted for the present study. Classical Ayurvedic references related to vascular disorders were reviewed from major Ayurvedic texts, including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya. Relevant concepts related to Sira, Rakta Vaha Srotas, Vata Vyadhi, Siragata Vata, and Siragranthi were analyzed to understand the Ayurvedic interpretation of varicose veins. In addition, published scientific literature was reviewed from indexed databases and available research publications to identify evidence regarding Ayurvedic interventions used in venous disorders. Information related to causative factors (Nidana), disease development (Samprapti), clinical features (Rupa), diagnostic approaches, and treatment modalities was collected and systematically analyzed. The therapeutic approaches reviewed included; • Internal Ayurvedic medications such as herbal formulations possessing anti inflammatory, antioxidant, vascular protective, and Vata Pitta balancing properties. • Panchakarma therapies, including procedures such as Abhyanga (medicated oil massage), Swedana (sudation therapy), Raktamokshana (bloodletting therapy where indicated), and other purification procedures according to individual assessment. • External therapies including application of medicated oils, herbal pastes, and local treatments aimed at improving circulation and reducing discomfort. • Dietary and lifestyle modifications to maintain healthy digestion, prevent constipation, improve circulation, and reduce factors contributing to venous congestion. • Yoga and physical practices focusing on improving lower limb circulation, muscular tone, and venous return. Results-The review indicates that Ayurveda provides a comprehensive understanding of varicose veins through the perspective of Dosha imbalance, impaired vascular channels, and altered circulation. The involvement of aggravated Vata Dosha is considered significant due to its role in movement, circulation, and regulation of physiological functions. Disturbance in Rakta Dhatu and obstruction of channels may contribute to venous dilatation, pain, swelling, and discoloration. Several Ayurvedic herbs and formulations traditionally used in vascular disorders have demonstrated pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, venotonic, and tissue healing effects in preliminary studies. Herbal drugs containing properties such as Rakta Prasadana (blood purification), Shothahara (anti inflammatory), Vedanasthapana (analgesic), and Balya (strengthening) actions may help in reducing symptoms associated with chronic venous insufficiency. Ayurvedic procedures such as Abhyanga with medicated oils, gentle massage techniques, and selected Panchakarma therapies may support lymphatic drainage, improve local circulation, and provide relief from heaviness and pain. Yoga practices, especially postures that encourage venous return from the lower limbs, along with regular physical activity, may contribute to symptom improvement. However, although traditional knowledge and preliminary clinical observations suggest potential benefits, available scientific evidence remains limited due to a lack of large scale randomized controlled trials, standardized treatment protocols, and long term follow up studies.

Aim: To compile and present selected Yamaka Sneha formulations described in classical Ayurvedic literature, with emphasis on their ingredients, formulation context and cited textual sources. Objective: To organize the available formulations in a systematic manner and identify the diversity of therapeutic applications in which the combination of Ghrita and Taila, or related Yamaka preparations, has been described. Methodology: A descriptive compilation was prepared from the provided reference document. Twenty selected formulations were extracted and arranged according to formulation name, ingredients and classical reference. These were reviewed to distinguish formulations identified as Yamaka Sneha from related Yamaka preparations used in Basti and Lepa. Discussion: The compilation demonstrates that Yamaka preparations occur across diverse therapeutic settings, including Prameha, Shiroroga, Vrana, Apasmara, Rakta Pitta, Vatavyadhi and other clinical contexts. Ghrita and Taila occur together with milk, decoctions, herbal pastes and other processing media, suggesting considerable forms in Ayurvedic Sneha Kalpana. Conclusion: The compiled formulations show that Yamaka Sneha represents a important pharmaceutical and therapeutic approach in classical Ayurveda. Systematic documentation of their ingredients, indications and textual sources can support further pharmaceutical standardization, comparative study and research study.

Rasadravyas the metallic and mineral substances used in Rasashastra, occupy an important position in Ayurvedic pharmaceutics. Traditionally, these drugs are processed through Shodhana (purification) and Marana (incineration) procedures to form bioavailable and non-toxic Bhasmas or Rasasinduras that exhibit potent therapeutic activity even in minute doses. Peptic ulcer and related disorders, described in Ayurveda as Amlapitta and Parinamashoola, are primarily Pittaja Vyadhi resulting from imbalance of Pitta Dosha and Agni Dushti. Several Rasadravyas such as Shankha Bhasma, Mukta Shukti Bhasma, Kapardika Bhasma, Tamra Bhasma, Abhraka Bhasma, and Suvarna Makshika Bhasma have been traditionally used in the management of Amlapitta and gastrointestinal disorders. Modern pharmacological studies have begun validating their antiulcer and gastro protective actions, including acid neutralization, cytoprotection, antioxidant and mucosal defense enhancement. This review compiles classical references, formulation uses, and available experimental evidence on the antiulcer potential of Rasadravyas.

CRISPR/Cas9 has become a versatile platform for programmable genome editing and has generated substantial interest as a therapeutic modality for inherited and acquired diseases. However, clinical translation depends not only on editing specificity but also on safe and efficient delivery of the Cas9 nuclease and guide RNA to the intended cells. Viral vectors can provide high transduction efficiency, but concerns related to immunogenicity, payload constraints, manufacturing complexity and, for some vectors, genomic integration have encouraged development of non-viral alternatives. This review examines nanotechnology-enabled non-viral delivery strategies for CRISPR/Cas9, with emphasis on plasmid DNA, messenger RNA and ribonucleoprotein cargo formats. Major delivery barriers – including extracellular degradation, protein-corona formation, limited tissue penetration, cellular uptake, endosomal entrapment, intracellular trafficking and nuclear access – are discussed together with strategies for overcoming them. Lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid–polymer hybrids, dendrimers, inorganic nanoparticles and emerging vesicular or virus-like systems are compared in terms of cargo compatibility, targeting, endosomal escape, safety and translational potential. Recent advances in liver-directed in vivo editing, non-liver targeting, stimuli-responsive delivery and clinical translation are highlighted. Particular attention is given to the need for tissue-selective delivery, transient editor exposure, reproducible manufacturing and long-term safety monitoring. Overall, rationally engineered, biodegradable and multifunctional nanocarriers represent an important route toward safer and more effective CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutics.